Forty years ago, on a Sunday in May, Frank Jao, a 27-year-old Vietnamese refugee, moved into a small apartment in Whittier. Only weeks earlier, he and his wife, Catherine, had escaped Saigon on the second-to-last American transport plane, as communist machine gunners fired on them from the ground.
Jao’s kindly sponsor, a local accountant, told him the United States government would give him a monthly stipend. And he shouldn’t think about working for six months, while he acclimated to life in America.
But early the next morning, Jao, who spoke some English, walked into a doughnut shop. “I bought a newspaper,” he recalled. “I go to the ads. I reach for a public phone. I got a job on my first call. Door-to-door sales: Kirby vacuum cleaners.”
Why the hurry? “All my life,” Jao said. “I have never depended on anyone.”
Proud, canny, ambitious, Jao would go on to become one of the nation’s most prominent Vietnamese-American business leaders, as much at home in the corridors of Congress as on a gritty construction site.
Over four decades, his company, Bridgecreek Group, has developed $400 million worth of shopping centers and residential buildings, mainly in Orange County. As Jao’s holdings sprawled across more than 50 acres in Westminster and nearby cities, he would become landlord to 1,200 Vietnamese businesses.
His properties became the nucleus of Little Saigon, the world’s largest Vietnamese enclave outside Vietnam. Today, some 9,000 Vietnamese-owned businesses operate in Westminster and Garden Grove. County-wide, residents of Vietnamese origin number about 189,000.
“Not everybody likes Frank Jao,” said Dat Phan, chief executive of Nguoi Viet, the community’s oldest and largest Vietnamese language newspaper. “Profit is his bottom line. But you have to credit him. He is smart and hardworking. He played a crucial role.”
Jao’s two-story enclosed Asian Garden Mall, which opened in 1987, remains Little Saigon’s most imposing structure. Outside the pagoda-style edifice sit four huge statues made from marble imported from China: a Happy Buddha and the gods of longevity, prosperity and good luck.
Inside, customers throng 300 businesses: herbalists and cosmetic shops, restaurants serving pho noodle soup and papaya salad, music stores hawking CDs by Vietnamese crooners, boutiques selling ao dai, the tight-fitting silk tunics popular with Vietnamese women, and 200 jewelry booths dealing in diamonds, gold and Rolexes.
“In Vietnam, if you owned a pig, it could be found and taken to a processing plant,” Jao explained, as he showed a visitor around. “Jewelry was a way to hide your wealth. And Vietnamese love jewelry. People come from all over the world to buy here because of our low prices.”
On the mall’s top floor, visitors stop to kneel and pray before a tall statue of Guang Yu, a scarlet-faced warrior in gold and green robes. A Chinese general in the third century, he is revered across Asia as a god of business. Beside the statue, visitors can choose a card that tells their fortune.
BORROWING FROM VEGAS
Jao got the concept for the mall on a visit to Las Vegas, he said. Just like Caesars Palace, with its Roman theme, “we bring cultural elements into a dining and shopping environment,” he explained. “The Japanese, the Koreans, the Vietnamese and the Chinese, we share a ‘chopstick culture.’”
Jao’s pan-ethnic approach has stirred controversy. Originally, he had proposed calling Orange County’s Vietnamese enclave “Asiantown,” believing it would attract different nationalities. Hence the names of his early projects, Far East Plaza, Asian Village and Asian Garden Mall.
Many Vietnamese refugees, however, prefer to highlight their own homeland, a conflict which came to a head in 1995 when Jao asked the city to float bonds for an ornate $3 million pedestrian walkway, dubbed Harmony Bridge, linking two of his properties.
The bridge project was scrapped after opponents criticized the design, decorated with dragons, as “too Chinese” – a fact they blamed on Jao’s ethnic Chinese heritage. His grandparents had immigrated to Vietnam from China.
Jao, however, says activists opposed the project only after he refused to make a $300,000 “donation” to their organization.
The decades-old controversy hasn’t dented the mall’s popularity. Half its patrons come from outside Orange County, according to a Bridgecreek survey. Candidates for national and state office drop by to campaign.
‘HOME AWAY FROM HOME’
And the mall remains a central hub for local Vietnamese, attracting thousands to its flower festivals, rice-cooking contests and fashion shows. On summer weekends, crowds flock to its “Little Saigon Night Market,” when the parking lot fills with Vietnamese food vendors.
“Asian Garden Mall is a historic and symbolic destination,” said Westminster City Councilman Tyler Diep. “It is the most famous place in Little Saigon that people want to go to. It is home away from home.”
In February, Jao, dapper in a navy blue suit, red tie and sunglasses, greeted local politicians and dignitaries at the mall’s Lunar New Year’s celebration. Lion dancers cavorted amid strings of exploding firecrackers as crowds applauded from the sidelines.
Catherine Jao handed out small red and gold envelopes with $10 bills to invited guests, the holiday’s traditional “lucky money” gift.
For Jao, it seemed a moment to savor. The success he has enjoyed, he says, “could only happen in America.”
Even so, looking back, it seems improbable. Born in a small town outside Haiphong in North Vietnam, Jao was the seventh of 11 children of an impoverished utility clerk. The family moved south to Danang after communists took over the north in 1954.
By 14, Jao had left home, supporting himself by delivering newspapers. He was already an entrepreneur, with a half dozen other boys working for him.
MARINE INTERPRETER
Jao learned some English as a teenager by taking classes offered by a Vietnamese American association. At 17, he enlisted in the military and was assigned to a security unit guarding American troops. Later, he worked as an interpreter for U.S. Marines in Danang.
By the end of April 1975, Jao had a job as a salesman for a General Electric and Westinghouse distributor in Saigon when a contact at the U.S. Embassy phoned him and told him to go straight to the airport.
On his way, he picked up Catherine, who was working at a local Xerox affiliate. There was no time to go home and collect possessions.
In the transport plane, “we were packed like sardines,” he recalls. “There were two guys with automatic machine guns pointing down. And machine guns were shooting at us from the ground.”
If the transition was traumatic, Jao doesn’t dwell on emotions.
Three weeks after landing his first U.S. job as a vacuum cleaner salesman, he said, he quit to take a midnight shift as a security guard. During the day, he worked part time as an auto mechanics instructor and took classes at local colleges in finance, real estate and construction.
As for sleep: “A few hours here and there,” he recalls.
$1,000 PER HOME
Within a year, the couple had moved to a small apartment in Garden Grove. Jao was working as a full-time real estate agent, while his wife found work as an instructional aide at a local school. Each residential sale earned Jao about $1,000, he said, and by working 16 hours a day, he made more than $100,000 the first year.
By 1978, three years after landing in California, Jao had transitioned to commercial real estate and opened his own office. But within months, he said, “I realized that developing real estate was better than being a broker.”
He developed his first project, a small Westminster shopping center, on behalf of a Hong Kong investor. “After that, I determined it doesn’t make sense to work for someone else to make him rich,” Jao said. “So I began to syndicate.”
Over the years, Jao built a network of mostly Asian investors, including other ethnic Chinese. Usman Admadjaja, an Indonesian tycoon of Chinese origin, was an early partner. Roger Chen, the Taiwanese-born founder of the 99 Ranch Market grocery chain, owns half of Asian Garden Mall.
American banks also lent money. “I didn’t have strong credit or a record to impress them,” Jao recalls. “But back in those days, the perception was that Chinese were coming in with briefcases full of cash. I let the bankers believe what they would believe.”
Still, it wasn’t smooth sledding. In 1981, as the number of refugees soared, 105 Westminster residents signed a petition demanding that the City Council stop issuing business licenses to Vietnamese immigrants.
GUNSHOTS
The council refused, but Jao recalls the ugly atmosphere.
“Vietnamese stores would get gunshot through their windows,” he said. “Drivers would roll down their windows and give us the finger and use the F-word.”
Even in the late 1980s, Jao said, a Westminster official “pulled me aside when I filed for a permit and said, ‘Why don’t you get a Caucasian developer to build it? You would make life much simpler.’”
He chose not to make a fuss. “I keep moving,” Jao said. “I grew up in a country with war and bullets. This is far better.”
In the end, he found, “in Orange County, like America, we have a legal structure, an economic structure and a social climate where there’s room for minorities to be successful. Not only whites.”
Sometimes Jao miscalculates. His “New Saigon Mall,” which opened in 1997 behind the Asian Village shopping center featuring statues of Confucius and his disciples and a 1,000-foot long mural of Vietnamese history, was demolished two years later, after failing to attract customers.
‘I MAKE MISTAKES’
In 2009, in the midst of the recession, Jao opened a 144-unit $57 million luxury condo project for seniors next to the Asian Garden Mall. By 2011, it was in receivership. In 2013, renamed Jasmine Place, the complex was converted to rental apartments and sold to new owners.
“I make mistakes,” Jao acknowledges, adding with a wry smile, “If I lined them up, I deserve to be on the firing line.”
In recent years, Jao has sold off about half his Orange County holdings and his attention has turned to projects in Asia. In the past two weeks, he has jetted from Hong Kong to Singapore talking up investors with his 33-year-old daughter, Felicia, and their partner Dennis Nguyen, a Minneapolis- and Hong Kong-based private equity executive.
“To do business in Asia, you have to navigate cultural and philosophical differences,” Nguyen said. “Frank does that well. And when he makes a decision. He goes full steam ahead.”
Together, the Jaos and Nguyen own a 180-employee food processing plant in southern China, which imports seafood and vegetables from Vietnam. In 2012, they launched Indochine Essence, a chain of fast-casual restaurants, in China’s Guangdong province.
The chain, which serves Vietnamese food, has grown to 21 outlets and is expected to reach 100 by the end of next year, Nguyen said.
Felicia Jao is the CEO of Indochine Essence, commuting back and forth from Orange County to Guangdong. “When I first asked her to participate,” Frank Jao said, “she went for two weeks. Then she came back and said, ‘You let me run it!’”
Why the turn from Orange County to Asia?
“Orange County is running out of vacant land,” said Felicia Jao, who has worked with her father since she was a business major at Cal State Fullerton. “Our family will always have an interest in real estate. But Finance 101 is diversification.”
Contact the writer: mroosevelt@ocregister.com; on Twitter @MargotRoosevelt
